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Objective To investigate the resistance dynamics of Blattella germanica to commonly used insecticides in Yangpu District of Shanghai during 2014‒2020， and to provide the basis for the rational use of insecticides against cockroaches. Methods Blattella germanica was captured in two farmer’s markets in 2014， 2017 and 2020. The residual film method recommended by WHO was used to test resistance of Blattella germanica to the insecticides. Results In 2014， 2017 and 2020， the resistance ratio of Blattella germanica in Yangpu District was 6.96， 4.39， 7.26 to beta-cypermethrin， 10.41， 6.71， 5.24 to permethrin， and 2.28， 3.16， 1.01 to propoxur. Conclusion The resistance of Blattella germanica to permethrin and propoxur decreases， and the resistance to beta-cypermethrin keeps at low level. Comprehensive management and rotation of insecticides should be implemented to delay the increase of resistance.
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Background: Efficacy of these modalities as shown by various investigations are inconsistent and ambiguous. Thus, evidence based effective treatment option is warranted. Aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of oral ivermectin, topical permethrin and benzyl benzoate in the treatment of uncomplicated scabies.Methods: Patients with confirmed diagnosis of scabies were included in this study. One hundred and ninety-five subjects were included in this investigation as per inclusion and exclusion criteria laid down. Equal numbers of patients were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment groups. Efficacy of three groups [oral ivermectin (Group A), topical permethrin (Group B) and benzyl benzoate (Group C)] of drugs was compared in terms of improvement in clinical grading of disease (%) and improvement in clinical grading of pruritus (%) during follow up visits.Results: Those subjects receiving topical permethrin, at 1st follow up 56.9% showed cure rate which increased to 89.2% at 2nd follow up with respect to clinical improvement in pruritus. Maximum relief in severity of pruritus at the end of 6th week was reported by 58(89.2%) patients receiving group B treatment modality followed by 52 patients (80%) in arm A. Regarding efficacy of three treatment groups in terms of improvement in severity of lesion at the end of 6 weeks, maximum number of patients 57(87.7%), receiving group B treatment reported improvement which is better than other two treatment groups.Conclusions: maximum number of patients receiving topical Permethrin treatment reported improvement better than other Oral Ivermectin therapy and topical benzyl benzoate. Oral ivermectin may serve a good alternative for managing scabies under certain conditions like poor compliance to topical scabicides.
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Introducción: la rosácea es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de etiología desconocida que se presenta con eritema centro facial permanente, con episodios transitorios de intensificación asociados a factores desencadenantes unido a otros síntomas y signos variados. Tiene diferentes formas clínicas, es de difícil manejo y por ello, aunque existen diferentes tratamientos, aún es válido continuar la búsqueda de otras alternativas terapéuticas. Objetivo: determinar eficacia del metronidazol gel 0.75%, permetrina crema 5%, y la combinación de ambos medicamentos en pacientes con rosácea facial tratados en el Hospital Fajardo en el período 2016 a 2017. Método: se realizó un estudio de intervención cuasi-experimental, abierto, longitudinal, aleatorizado con tres grupos de 30 pacientes, que recibieron tratamiento durante 3 meses, y fueron evaluados un mes después de terminar el tratamiento. Resultados: predominaron las mujeres, el fototipo cutáneo III, con piel grasa. La mejor respuesta terapéutica fue la asociación de ambos medicamentos con un 100% con respuesta satisfactoria, seguida de 92.9% con la permetrina y 79.3% con el metronidazol. Conclusiones: La respuesta terapéutica en la mayoría de los 3 grupos fue satisfactoria, aunque predominó la combinación de ambos medicamentos. Las reacciones adversas fueron leves y escasas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Rosacea , Permethrin , Metronidazole , Pharmaceutical PreparationsABSTRACT
Objective To determine the wash resistance of Olyset
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OBJECTIVE@#To determine the wash resistance of Olyset Plus using World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme standard washing procedure and to assess the value of knock down and mortality rates of Anopheles stephensi at different regimens of long lasting insecticide treated nets washings.@*METHODS@#The study was conducted at the Bioassay Laboratory of Culicidae Insectary, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The net was made of polyester impregnated with permethrin and piperonyl butoxide at a ratio of 2:1. The washing resistance was assessed using Le Chat soap and a shaker incubator set at a speed of 155 r/min, 30 °C for 10 min. The cone bioassay test was carried out according to World Health Organization recommended guideline with tolerant field strain of female Anopheles stephensi to pyrethroids.@*RESULTS@#The knockdown and mortality rates of female mosquitoes exposed to Olyset Plus from un-washed nets to 2 washings were 79.7% and 88.8% respectively. Mortality was dropped to zero while active ingredient estimated 0.532 μg/100 cm to 0.481 μg/100 cm after 15 washings. A positive correlation was seen between residues of permethrin on nets, knockdown rate and mortality rate of female Anopheles stephensi exposed to different regimes of washed Olyset Plus (r = 0.954, P = 0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#It is recommended that a preliminary survey conducted on resistance level of Anopheles vectors before the distribution of Olyset Plus in malaria endemic communities.
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La dermatoparasitosis producida por el acaro Sarcoptes scabiei variedad hominis, presenta una distribución poblacional relacionada al hacinamiento, condiciones higiénicas deficientes, pobreza y características geoclimáticas. El contagio ocurre de forma directa cutánea o a través de fómites. Liquiñe,poblado fronterizo de la Región de los Ríos, Chile, presenta en gran parte de su población las características mencionadas, con difícil acceso a comunicación digital y derivación médica. La incidencia de sarna se ve modificada al realizar intervenciones educacionales y saneamiento local, tanto como el diagnostico precoz y el tratamiento oportuno logran una modificación sustancial de la prevalencia. Se presenta el reporte de un caso. Paciente sexo femenino, 33 años, que presenta lesiones por grataje, excoriadas, con pápulo-pústulas de dos años de evolución, con manejo inicial sintomático por diagnóstico de dermatitis y psoriasis sin mejora de las lesiones. Conjuntamente se identifica en la hija de 4 años, lesiones primarias de características similares a las iniciales. Las lesiones de la menor se presentan como vesículas en espacio interdigital, muñe-cas, región periumbilical y surco acarino, compatibles con sarna. Se inicia tratamiento tópico permetrina 5 %a toda la familia, basados en las recomendaciones de la guía de manejo MINSAL. Se logra tras 2 años de evolución regresión total de los signos y síntomas a los 2 meses de iniciada la terapia. La presente revisión de caso pretende reforzar las ideas de diagnóstico precoz, tanto de caso índice como de probables contactos,educación continua a la comunidad. Tratamiento efectivo y oportuno, adecuado a la realidad socio cultural década localidad, tomando en cuenta factores de riesgos para la presentación y el abandono de la terapia. Asimismo promover las redes institucionales para la distribución de tratamiento, asesoramiento por especialistas y conocimientos actualizados de la semiología de cada cuadro dermatológico por el médico general.
The dermato parasitosis producedby the Sarcoptes scabiei mite hominis variety, has apopulation distribution related to over crowding, poor sanitation, poverty and geo-climatic characteristics.Transmission occurs directly through skin or fomites.In the border town of Liquiñe in the Region de los Rios,Chile, a substantial amount of the population is subject to the above characteristics, with difficult access to digital communication and medical referrals. The incidence of scabies is modified through educational interventions, and local sanitation, as well as early diag-nosis and timely treatment thus achieving a substantial change in prevalence. A case report is presented. Female patient, 33 years old presents with excoriated crusted lesions, with papules and pustules following two years of development, initial symptomatic management diagnosis of psoriasis and dermatitis,showed no improvement of the lesions. At the same time the 4 year old daughter of the patient presented with primary lesions similar to baseline characteristics.The child Ìs lesions presented as vesicles in interdigital space, wrists, periumbilical region and mite grooves compatible with scabies. Permethrin 5% topical treatment was prescribed for the whole family, basedon the recommendations of the MINSAL guide management is initiated. At 2 months of treatment therapy on set, complete recovery was achieved following two years of evolution of signs and symptoms.This case review aims to reinforce the ideas of earlydiagnosis, in both probable index case and contact,and continuing education in the community. Effective and timely treatment, in conjunction with the socio-cultural reality of each community, taking into account risk factors, such as seeking medical treatment and abandoning therapy. Furthermore, it is also intended to promote institutional networks for treatment dissemination, counseling by specialists and updated information for each dermatological presentation for the general medicine physician.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Primary Health Care , Scabies/drug therapy , Ivermectin/therapeutic use , Permethrin/therapeutic use , Poverty , Sarcoptes scabiei , Nuclear Family , Rural HealthABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the susceptibility to temephos, permethrin and deltamethrin of Aedes aegypti (. Ae. aegypti), collected from areas with high incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. Methods: The F1 progenies of Ae. aegypti colony, originated from five sub-districts including Aranyik, Hua Ro, Nai Muang, Ban Krang and Tha Pho, were used in the bioassays following the procedures of World Health Organization. For larval bioassay, the late third or early fourth-instar larvae were tested with different concentrations of temephos. For adult bioassay, the females were exposed to 0.75 % permethrin or 0.05% deltamethrin. LC50 value and mortality rate were analyzed to compare the insecticide susceptibility of the larvae and the adults in each area, respectively. Results: The LC50 value of temephos for the larvae from Aranyik, Hua Ro, Nai Muang, Ban Krang and Tha Pho sub-districts was 0.017, 0.017, 0.026, 0.061, and 0.113 ppm, respectively. For permethrin, the highest mortality rate (86.84%) was found in the mosquitoes from Aranyik but the others were more resistant with the lower mortality rates (16.00-42.67%). The adult mortality rates after exposing to deltamethrin were higher (82.34-98.67%) in all areas. Conclusions: Ae. aegypti larvae were still susceptible to temephos. Conversely, most tested adults tended to resist the permethrin and deltamethrin.
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Monomelic amyotrophy (MMA) known as Hirayama disease (HD). The first report appeared in 1959 when Hirayama described 12 patients [1] then, a large group of patients was found from Japan [2,3]. MMA from South India was also reported in 1984 [4]. The disease accounted for males over 80% of cases, especially between 15 and 25 years of age. The disorder has been recognized as, unilateral or bilateral asymmetric atrophy of hand and forearm with sparing of brachioradialis giving the characteristic appearance of oblique amyotrophy. Symmetrically bilateral disease has also been recognized. It is believed to be a cervical flexion myelopathy [5]. Pyrethroids are used as insecticides due to their high potency. These are highly toxic to a wide range of insects but have low toxicity to humans. Pyrethroids are known to cause neurotoxicity in humans like seizures, tremors, and dizziness. Motor neuron damage has been reported in acute toxicity due to ingestion of pyrethroids and organochlorines [6] and MND (Motor neuron disease) like features after chronic exposure has been reported [7]. Here a case of monomelic amyotrophy following massive ingestion of permethrin, amytriptyline and benzodiazepine tablets is reported.
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Objective To investigate the resistance to deltamethrin and permethrin in Aedes albopictus in Haikou City, and to detect the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutants of A. albopictus, elucidating the association of resistant phenotype with kdr mutation. Methods The A. albopictus samples were collected from Xinfu Island, Longtang Town, Shishan Town, Baishamen Park, and the flower market in Haikou City. Their susceptibility to deltamethrin and permethrin was tested by larval bioassay. The resistance level was determined by the R/S ratio. The kdr gene was amplified and analyzed, and the relationship between the resistant phenotype and kdr mutation was determined by Chi-square test. Results The A. albopictus samples from the flower market and Baishamen Park showed resistance to deltamethrin and permethrin, of which the flower market population had an R/S ratio of up to 436.36, indicating a high level of resistance. The A. albopictus samples from Longtang Town and Shishan Town were sensitive to permethrin, but had low (R/S ratio, 9.09) and moderate (18.18) degrees of resistance to deltamethrin, respectively. The Xinfu Island population was sensitive to both deltamethrin and permethrin. The codon 1 534 kdr was detected point mutations among 317 A. albopictus samples, with two mutant alleles, TGC/C and TCC/S. The five genotypes were wild-type TTC/TTC (frequency, 62.15%), wild/mutant heterozygous TTC/TGC (0.63%) and TTC/TCC (16.09%), homozygous mutant TCC/TCC (20.82%), and mutant heterozygous TGC/TCC (0.32%). Chi-square test revealed significant differences in the frequency of kdr mutant genotype between A. albopictu sensitive to the insecticides (31.97%) and those resistant to the insecticides (42.94%), P <0.05. Conclusion Some A. albopictus populations in Haikou City have developed resistance to both deltamethrin and permethrin. The resistant phenotype and kdr mutant genotype are closely associated. This study has also discovered for the first time the novel TCC/S point mutation of kdr.
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Objective:To investigate the susceptibility to temephos, permethrin and deltamethrin ofAedes aegypti(Ae. aegypti), collected from areas with high incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases inPhitsanulokProvince,Thailand.Methods:TheF1 progenies ofAe. aegypti colony, originated from five sub-districts includingAranyik,HuaRo,NaiMuang,BanKrang andThaPho, were used in the bioassays following the procedures ofWorldHealthOrganization.For larval bioassay, the late third or early fourth-instar larvae were tested with different concentrations of temephos. For adult bioassay, the females were exposed to0.75% permethrin or0.05% deltamethrin.LC50 value and mortality rate were analyzed to compare the insecticide susceptibility of the larvae and the adults in each area, respectively. Results:TheLC50 value of temephos for the larvae from Aranyik,HuaRo,NaiMuang,BanKrang andThaPho sub-districts was0.017,0.017,0.026,0.061, and0.113 ppm, respectively.For permethrin, the highest mortality rate(86.84%) was found in the mosquitoes fromAranyik but the others were more resistant with the lower mortality rates(16.00-42.67%).The adult mortality rates after exposing to deltamethrin were higher(82.34-98.67%) in all areas.Conclusions:Ae. aegypti larvae were still susceptible to temephos.Conversely, most tested adults tended to resist the permethrin and deltamethrin.
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BACKGROUND: The high rates of infestation, treatment failures and treatment costs have created the search for new therapies againts head lice. OBJECTIVE: We compared the efficacy and safety of scalp occlusion with petroleum jelly (PJ) versus permethrin 1% shampoo against Pediculus humanus capitis among school-aged children METHOD: Seventy-seven children were diagnosed with Pediculosis capitis. Thirty-eight subjects did eight-hour scalp occlusion with PJ, and 39 used permethrin shampoo, both followed by nit combing. Treatments were applied once weekly for three consecutive weeks. Patients were assessed at weeks 1,2,3 and 11. The primary outcome was the proportion of cured subjects and change in quality of life (QOL) scores om week 3 of follow-up. Cure was defined as the absence of variable lice on the hair/scalp or nits on the hair shaft attached within one centimeter from the scalp on visual examination.Secondary outcomes were relapse rate at week 11 ,cosmetic acceptability and adverse events. Effects on QOL were measured using the Dermatology Life Quality Index at baseline and at the end of the third week of treatment. RESULTS: At Week 3, cure achieved in 47% (18/38) in PJ group 52% (17/33) in permethrin group (RRR 6.7%, 95% Cl: -40.4% to 38%). Relapse rate in the 12th week were 44% (8/18) and 58% (10/17), respectively (p=0.486, Fisher's test ). The differences in treatment effects were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Petroleum jelly scalp occlusion was comparable in cure rates to permethrin. PJ can be a safe, affordable alternative to permethrin as a pediculicide.
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Humans , PetrolatumABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the susceptibility to temephos, permethrin and deltamethrin of Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti), collected from areas with high incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in Phitsanulok Province, Thailand.@*METHODS@#The F1 progenies of Ae. aegypti colony, originated from five sub-districts including Aranyik, Hua Ro, Nai Muang, Ban Krang and Tha Pho, were used in the bioassays following the procedures of World Health Organization. For larval bioassay, the late third or early fourth-instar larvae were tested with different concentrations of temephos. For adult bioassay, the females were exposed to 0.75 % permethrin or 0.05% deltamethrin. LC50 value and mortality rate were analyzed to compare the insecticide susceptibility of the larvae and the adults in each area, respectively.@*RESULTS@#The LC50 value of temephos for the larvae from Aranyik, Hua Ro, Nai Muang, Ban Krang and Tha Pho sub-districts was 0.017, 0.017, 0.026, 0.061, and 0.113 ppm, respectively. For permethrin, the highest mortality rate (86.84%) was found in the mosquitoes from Aranyik but the others were more resistant with the lower mortality rates (16.00-42.67%). The adult mortality rates after exposing to deltamethrin were higher (82.34-98.67%) in all areas.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Ae. aegypti larvae were still susceptible to temephos. Conversely, most tested adults tended to resist the permethrin and deltamethrin.
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Scabies is one of the commonest diseases among all age groups. Topical permethrin is a widely used treatment option for scabies. Ivermectin is a newer oral agent for the treatment of scabies. This study was done to compare the efficacy of permithrin and oral Ivermectin in the treatment of Scabies in patient suffering from Diabetes mellitus. This comparative clinical trial was carried out in the outpatient department of Dermatology & Venereology, Diabetic Association Medical College Hospital (DAMCH), Faridpur from January 2012 to December 2012. A total 60 cases were enrolled purposively and divided into 2 groups. Group I received 2 doses oral Ivermectin and group II treated with 5% permethirn cream. Patients were followed up at the 3rd and 4th week. Total 86.6% patients of Ivermectin group and 90% of permethrin group were cured. Though permethrin showed somewhat more effective, the difference was not statistically significant. The study found that both ivermectin and permethrin were similarly effective in the treatment of scabies in patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus.
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The effects of two pyrethroid insecticides, cypermethrin and permethrin, on juvenile Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, were assessed. For this purpose, LC50 at 24 h and 72 h were determined as 500 μg L-1 and 900 μg L-1, respectively. The specimens were divided into 5 experimental groups exposed to: i) ethanol vehicle in sea water (control), ii) 1/25 of cypermethrin LC50 (20 μg L-1), iii) 1/10 of cypermethrin LC50 (50 μg L-1), iv) 1/25 of permethrin LC50 (36 μg L-1) and v) 1/10 of permethrin LC50 (90 μg L-1) during 10 days. At the end of the experiment, gill and hepatic samples were obtained for studying the expression patterns of different enzyme genes related to toxicity and osmoregulation, namely glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases1 and 2 (GAPDH-1 and 2), and Na+, K+-ATPase subunits α and β (NKA α and β). Both pyrethroid insecticides enhanced gill GAPDH-1, NKA-α and NKA-β expressions. However, hepatic responses were less prominent. The low dose of cypermethrin decreased GAPDH-2 expressions. Also, the lowest permethrin dose decreased GAPDH-2 expression. These results indicate that pyrethroids induce some degree of oxidative stress in Solea senegalensis specimens led to an osmotic imbalance, activating -mainly at branchial level- different antioxidant and osmoregulatory enzyme genes.
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Background : Scabies is a contagious intensely pruritic ectoparasitic infestation caused by mite Sarcoptes scabiei hominis. Various treatment modalities are available but topical permethrin and oral ivermectin is considered to be safe and effective in the treatment of scabies. Aim : To compare the efficacy of topical permethrin and oral ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. Material And Methods : It was an interventional study conducted in the out patient department Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital.100 clinically diagnosed cases of scabies belonging to either sex and from 10-60 yrs of age were selected and divided into two groups. Oral ivermectin was given to group A and topical 5% permethrin was given to the group B and follow up at 1, 2 and 4 weeks of interval. at each visit and cure rate was compared. Results : Permethrin showed the efficacy of 89.1% in completely clearing scabietic lesions at 4 week interval as compared to oral ivermectin which showed 78.5% clearing of lesions in 4 weeks. Thus both the treatment modalities were almost equally effective. Conclusion : Oral ivermectin and topical permethrin both are almost equally effective but permethrine has rapid onset of action.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate what kind of mosquito sample is necessary for the determination of insecticide susceptibility in malaria vectors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (An. gambiae) mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Littoral and Oueme departments. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) susceptibility tests were conducted on unfed male and female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old. CDC susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed, blood fed and gravid female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old. These susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed and blood fed female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old and 20 days old. CDC biochemical assay using synergist was also carried out to detect any increase in the activity of enzyme typically involved in insecticide metabolism.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Female An. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations were more susceptible than the males when they were unfed and aged 2-5 days old. The mortality rates of blood fed female An. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations aged 2-5 days old were lower than those obtained when females were unfed. In addition, the mortality rates of gravid female An. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations aged 2-5 days old were lower than those obtained when they were unfed. The mortality rate obtained when female An. gambiae Sekandji populations were unfed and aged 20 days old was higher than the one obtained when these populations were unfed and aged 2-5 days old. The results obtained after effects of synergist penicillin in beeswax on F1 progeny of An. gambiae Ladji populations resistant to permethrin showed that mono-oxygenases were involved in permethrin resistant F1 progeny from Ladji.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The resistance is a hereditary and dynamic phenomenon which can be due to metabolic mechanisms like overproduction of detoxifying enzymes activity. Many factors influence vector susceptibility to insecticide. Among these factors, there are mosquito sex, mosquito age, its physiological status. Therefore, it is useful to respect the World Health Organization criteria in the assessment of insecticide susceptibility tests in malaria vectors. Otherwise, susceptibility testing is conducted using unfed female mosquitoes aged 3-5 days old. Tests should also be carried out at (25±2) °C and (80±10)% relative humidity.</p>
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Objective: To investigate what kind of mosquito sample is necessary for the determination of insecticide susceptibility in malaria vectors. Methods:Larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (An. gambiae) mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Littoral and Oueme departments. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) susceptibility tests were conducted on unfed male and female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old. CDC susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed, blood fed and gravid female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old. These susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed and blood fed female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old and 20 days old. CDC biochemical assay using synergist was also carried out to detect any increase in the activity of enzyme typically involved in insecticide metabolism. Results:Female An. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations were more susceptible than the males when they were unfed and aged 2-5 days old. The mortality rates of blood fed female An. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations aged 2-5 days old were lower than those obtained when females were unfed. In addition, the mortality rates of gravid female An. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations aged 2-5 days old were lower than those obtained when they were unfed. The mortality rate obtained when female An. gambiae Sekandji populations were unfed and aged 20 days old was higher than the one obtained when these populations were unfed and aged 2-5 days old. The results obtained after effects of synergist penicillin in beeswax on F1 progeny of An. gambiae Ladji populations resistant to permethrin showed that mono-oxygenases were involved in permethrin resistant F1 progeny from Ladji. Conclusions: The resistance is a hereditary and dynamic phenomenon which can be due to metabolic mechanisms like overproduction of detoxifying enzymes activity. Many factors influence vector susceptibility to insecticide. Among these factors, there are mosquito sex, mosquito age, its physiological status. Therefore, it is useful to respect the World Health Organization criteria in the assessment of insecticide susceptibility tests in malaria vectors. Otherwise, susceptibility testing is conducted using unfed female mosquitoes aged 3-5 days old. Tests should also be carried out at (25±2) °C and (80±10)% relative humidity.
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Background: The objective of this study was to compare the cost and effectiveness of topical permethrin and oral ivermectin in the treatment of uncomplicated scabies. Methods: This was an open label randomized comparative study conducted in 210 patients, randomly allocated to two groups. First group received permethrin 5% cream as single application, second group received tablet ivermectin 200mcg/kg as single dose. All the patients received antihistaminic for pruritus. The patients were followed up at intervals of one, two, three and four weeks. If there were no signs of cure, the same intervention was repeated at each follow up. The cost effectiveness was calculated on the basis of total expenditure incurred on therapy. Results: At the end of first week cure rate was 74.8% in permethrin group, 30% in oral ivermectin group. At the end of second week cure rate was 99% in permethrin group, 60% in oral ivermectin group. At the end of third week 100% cure rate was observed in permethrin while 99% in oral ivermectin group. The total cost of treatment shows that cost of tab. ivermectin was less compared to permethrin 5% but the cost to relieve itching and cost of transport was higher than permethrin 5%. Conclusions: Topical permethrin is more cost effective than oral ivermectin in treatment of uncomplicated scabies.
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Pediculosis and scabies are caused by ectoparasites. Pruritus is the most common presenting symptom. Head and pubic lice infestations are diagnosed by visualization of live lice. Finding nits (louse egg shells) alone indicates a historical infestation. A “no nit” policy for schools and day care centers no longer is recommended because nits can persist after successful treatment with no risk of transmission. First-line pharmacologic treatment of pediculosis is permethrin 1% lotion or shampoo. Multiple novel treatments have shown limited evidence of effectiveness superior to permethrin. Wet combing is an effective nonpharmacologic treatment option. Finding pubic lice should prompt an evaluation for other sexually transmitted infections. Body lice infestation should be suspected when a patient with poor hygiene presents with pruritus. Washing affected clothing and bedding is essential if lice infestation is found, but no other environmental decontamination is necessary. Scabies in adults is recognized as a pruritic, papular rash with excoriations in a typical distribution pattern. In infants, children, and immunocompromised adults, the rash also can be vesicular, pustular, or nodular. First-line treatment of scabies is topical permethrin 5% cream. Clothing and bedding of persons with scabies should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer.
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The aim of this work was to investigate the genetic effects of resveratrol (RSV) at concentrations of 10, 15, 25, 40, 75 and 100 µM and its activities on the genotoxicity induced by the permethrin (PM) (200 µM). After the application of PM and RSV, separately and together, cultured human lymphocytes were assessed by chromosome aberrations (CA) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) tests. According to results, the frequencies of CA and SCE rates in the peripheral lymphocytes were significantly increased by PM compared with the controls. However, RSV had no genotoxic effect. Furthermore, the findings revealed that PM-induced increases in the mean frequencies of both genotoxic indices were diminished by RSV in a clear dose dependent manner, indicating its protective role towards the cells from PM exerted injury. In conclusion, these effects of RSV should be considered while evaluating the possible use of RSV as a therapeutic agent.